Root of Trust Hardware Security Module

A Hardware Security Module (HSM) is a physical device that provides more secure management of sensitive data, such as keys, inside CipherTrust Manager.

CipherTrust Manager internally uses a chain of key encryption keys (KEKs) to securely store and protect sensitive data such as user keys. When an HSM is used, the CipherTrust Manager generates and uses a set of keys on the HSM partition that protect the KEKs chain and become the root of trust. If multiple CipherTrust Manager instances are configured to use the same HSM partition they end up using shared 'root of trust' keys.

After setting up an HSM to allow CipherTrust Manager to connect as a client, you can configure an HSM as the root-of-trust using the CipherTrust Manager GUI. This can also be done using the API or the CLI toolkit ksctl, as shown below. It is assumed that you have added a CipherTrust Manager user and URL to the ksctl configuration file.

You must set up the HSM to allow CipherTrust Manager to connect as a client, including creating necessary passwords, certificates, and string values. For more detailed information on creating these HSM objects, refer to HSM product documentation.

With the CipherTrust Manager API or CLI toolkit ksctl, it is possible to:

• Setup HSMs

• Get and List detailed information on existing HSMs

• Add HSMs

• Delete HSMs

Refer to the CipherTrust Manager API and CLI online documentation for more information.

Supported HSMs

The CipherTrust Manager supports the following HSMs:

• Luna Network HSM (version 5, 6 and 7). See Luna Network HSM supported versions for more details.

• TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM

• TCT Luna PCIe HSM

• Luna PCIe HSM

• AWS CloudHSM (Cavium)

• Thales Data Protection On Demand (DPoD) Luna Cloud HSM Service

• IBM Hyper Protect Cloud Services (HPCS)

• Azure Dedicated HSM with a Virtual CipherTrust Manager which is also hosted on Microsoft Azure. This setup requires a specific deployment architecture.

Hybrid HSM

Since release 1.3.0, any CipherTrust Manager can be clustered with another CipherTrust Manager, regardless of the HSM partition it is using, or even if it is not using an HSM partition at all. This is different from prior releases that required all CipherTrust Manager's in a cluster to be connected to the same HSM partition. When cluster nodes have different HSMs, it is called a "Hybrid HSM" configuration. When cluster nodes share the same HSM partition, it is called a "Shared HSM" configuration. There are several implications to a "Hybrid HSM" configuration that should be taken into consideration when deploying a cluster.

1. System Security: A system is only as secure as its weakest link. In a Hybrid HSM configuration, a CipherTrust Manager instance that is rooted in an HSM can be clustered with an instance that is not - this reduces the overall security of the system. The most secure configuration is to have all CipherTrust Manager instances use an HSM.

2. Cluster Join Security: When a system is joined to a cluster, it must receive certain keys that allow it to join the cluster. A shared HSM partition can protect these keys from ever being exposed. In this scenario, the join operation should use the ksctl utility's --shared-hsm-partition flag for the best security.

3. Backup Security: When a backup is created, there is a ksctl option called --tied-to-hsm that can tie the backup to the HSM of the instance. This is the most secure backup, but also limits it to being restored on a system with access to that specific HSM partition. By default, a backup is not tied to a specific HSM partition and can be restored to any compatible CipherTrust Manager system.

Setting up an HSM

Creating the first HSM requires that you supply the hsm type and connection information (connInfo).

The general ksctl hsm setup command is:

$ ksctl hsm setup <hsm type> <config parameters>

The valid options for hsm type are:

• "luna" for Luna Network HSM,

• "lunapci" for the embedded Luna PCIe HSM and TCT Luna PCIe HSM in CipherTrust Manager k570 models,

• "lunatct" for TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM,

• "aws" for AWS CloudHSM,

• "dpod" for DPoD Luna Cloud HSM Service

• "ibm-hpcs" for IBM Hyper Protect Cloud Services (HPCS)

The configuration info (config parameter) depends on the hsm type and is described below. You must set up the HSM to allow CipherTrust Manager to connect as a client, including creating necessary passwords, certificates, and string values. For more detailed information on creating these HSM objects, refer to HSM product documentation.

Luna Network HSM and TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM (hsm type: luna, lunatct)

For the Luna Network HSM or TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM, the required parameters for initial configuration are:

• - hsm-host: IP or hostname of the HSM

• - partition-name: The name of the HSM partition to use

• - partition-password: The password of the initial partition to use. For Luna 7 and most Luna 6, this is the Crypto Officer role password or challenge secret. For Luna 5, TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM, and some Luna 6, this is the partition password or challenge secret. This password will also be used if more servers and high-availability (HA) mode is used, in which case all HSM must have the same password.

• - serial: Serial number of the partition to use

• - delay: Delay in seconds before reset, defaults to 5 seconds

• - reset: Reset the CipherTrust Manager instance as part of operation

As well, you are required to provide some certificates and other parameters to establish trust with the connection. The parameters depend on whether you are setting up a Network Trust Link (NTLS) or a Secure Trusted Channel (STC) between CipherTrust Manager and the HSM partition.

Parameters for Luna Network HSM NTLS Connection or TCT Luna T-Series Network HSM Connection

• - server-cert-file: File containing server certificate in PEM format

• - client-cert-file: File containing client certificate in PEM format

• - client-cert-key-file: File containing client private key in PEM format

Parameters for Luna Network STC Connection

• - server-cert-file: File containing server certificate in PEM format

• -partition-identity-file: File containing the partition identity. This file is obtained as part of a sequence on the Luna Network HSM to prepare the STC connection.

Following is a full example for a Luna Network HSM setup command using the NTLS connection:

$ ksctl hsm setup luna --reset --partition-name “partition name” --partition-password “sOmeP@ssword” --hsm-host https://192.168.0.1 --serial 1234 --server-cert-file server_cert.pem --client-cert-file client_cert.pem --client-cert-key-file client_cert_key.pem

Luna Network HSM Supported Versions

We support Luna firmware versions 5.x, 6.x, and 7.x.

We have tested specific combinations of Luna 7.x firmware and Luna 7.x software. Luna firmware versions 7.0.1 and 7.3.3 are validated with Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) level 140-2.

CipherTrust Manager is not compatible with Functionality Module (FM) configuration on the Luna Network HSM.

• CipherTrust Manager k570 has been tested with following the Luna Network HSM versions:

  Appliance Software	HSM firmware	FIPS validated
  7.2	7.0.1	yes
  7.2	7.3.3	yes
  7.7	7.0.1	yes
  7.7	7.3.3	yes

• CipherTrust Manager k470 and Virtual CipherTrust Manager have been tested with the following Luna Network HSM versions:

  Appliance Software	HSM firmware	FIPS validated
  7.2	7.2.0	no
  7.2	7.0.3	yes
  7.3	7.3.3	yes
  7.4	7.4.0	no
  7.4	7.3.3	yes
  7.7.0	7.7.0	no
  7.7.0	7.3.3	yes
  7.7.1	7.7.1	no

Set up a Secure Trusted Channel Connection

1. Create the STC connection to the Luna Network HSM. As part of that process, you create a Luna partition with the LunaSH CLI, and initialize a Luna partition for STC with a Luna Client. Be sure to retain the Partition SO password.

   Note

   The partition size must be at least 1536 bytes to accommodate two client registrations and the CipherTrust Manager root keys. If you plan to rotate the root keys, make the partition large enough to accommodate 512 more bytes storage per rotation.

   You can alternatively convert an existing NTLS partition to use STC.

2. On CipherTrust Manager, obtain the client identity file needed to register CipherTrust Manager as an additional client.

   ksctl hsm clients stcidentity download [--outputfile <download-filename>]
   

   Alternatively, use GET /v1/system/hsm/clients/stcidentity/download/in the REST API.

3. Use the client identity file to connect CipherTrust Manager to the STC partition as an additional client. More details are available in Luna documentation about the Partition SO's actions to allow an additional client access to the STC partition.

   1. Login to the initial client as the Partition SO.

   2. Supply the client identity file as part of the LunaCM command stcconfig clientregister -label <client_label> -file <path/client_ID_file>.

      Note

      Transfer the downloaded client identity file through SCP or other means. Do not copy and paste its contents to another file, and use this second file to execute stcconfig clientregister -label <client_label> -file <path/client_ID_file>. Client registration fails in this case.

   3. Export the partition identity public key using the LunaCM command stcconfig partitionidexport.

   4. Obtain the HSM server certificate, located in <Lunaclient_install_directory>/cert/server/<hostname/IP>Cert.pem

4. On CipherTrust Manager, register the partition.

   ksctl hsm setup luna --reset --partition-name <partition-name> --partition-password <Crypto_Officer_role_password_or_challenge_secret> --hsm-host <HSM_host_IP> --serial <partition_serial_number> --server-cert-file <HSM_server_certificate> --partition-identity-file <partition_identity_filepath>
   

   For example:

   $ ksctl hsm setup luna --reset --partition-name “partition name” --partition-password “sOmeP@ssword” --hsm-host https://192.168.0.1 --serial 1234 --server-cert-file server_cert.pem --partition-identity-file 1234.pid
   

Embedded Luna PCIe HSM or TCT Luna PCIe HSM (hsm type: lunapci)

For the embedded Luna PCIe HSM in CipherTrust Manager k570 models, the required parameters for initial configuration are:

• - partition-name: The name of the HSM partition to use. For TCT Luna PCIe HSM, this is the HSM label.

• - partition-password: The password of the initial partition to use. For PED-authenticated HSMs, this is the challenge password.

• - delay: Delay in seconds before reset, defaults to 5 seconds

• - reset: Reset CipherTrust Manager instance as part of operation

Following is a full example for a Luna PCIe HSM setup command:

$ ksctl hsm setup lunapci --reset --partition-name “partition name” --partition-password “sOmeP@ssword”

The ksadmin system administrator can upgrade firmware for Luna PCIe HSM to take advantage of performance and security fixes for the root of trust keys.

AWS CloudHSM (Cavium) (hsm type: aws)

Prerequisite - Prepare an instance of CloudHSM in AWS:

• Prior to configuring CipherTrust Manager instance to use AWS CloudHSM service, an instance of CloudHSM must be prepared in AWS. Refer to AWS CloudHSM documentation to create, initialize and activate a CloudHSM cluster. This step involves running a separate AWS client instance to connect and setup HSM users as well as sign the cluster CSR of your cloudhsm cluster instance. Upon completion of this step you will have a cloudhsm cluster in "Active" state. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cloudhsm/latest/userguide/getting-started.html

• Create a new cryptouser on your new cloudhsm instance. Similar to the cluster activation step when you reset the CO password, use the cloudhsm_mgmt_util utility on the AWS client instance to create a new user with cryptouser role (CU). CipherTrust Manager will communicate to the HSM instance on behalf of this CU user you setup.

For AWS CloudHSM (Cavium), the required parameters for initial configuration are:

• - partition-name: (Optional) The name of the HSM partition to use for CloudHSM. Defaults to "cavium"

• - cryptouser-password: Specify the credentials of a cryptouser in the form of "username:password"

• - hsm-host: IP Address or host name of cloudhsm cluster

• - server-cert-file: This is the CA public certificate that was used to sign the CloudHSM Cluster CSR during the cluster initialization. Restated, it is the certificate that signed the Cluster certificate. Refer to: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cloudhsm/latest/userguide/initialize-cluster.html

• - delay: Delay in seconds before reset, defaults to 5 seconds

• - reset: Reset CipherTrust Manager instance as part of operation

Following is a full example of an AWS CloudHSM setup command:

$ ksctl hsm setup aws-cloud-hsm --reset --cryptouser_password “sOmeP@ssword” --hsm-host https://192.168.0.1 --server-cert-file server_cert.pem

Thales Data Protection On Demand (DPoD) Luna Cloud HSM service (hsm type: dpod)

The CipherTrust Manager integration with Luna Cloud HSM service uses JWT-based authentication, which has been required for all clients to this service since December 31, 2021.

You must provide the AuthTokenConfigURI, AuthTokenClientId, and the AuthTokenClientSecret values from the service client package's Chrystoki.conf file. For older clients, you must provide the CVAppSpecificData value from Chrystoki.conf.

Prerequisites:

• You have installed a service client and provisioned the Luna Cloud HSM Service.

• The connection information (partition-name and co-password) is obtained while provisioning your Luna Cloud HSM service.

• The configuration information is obtained from the HSM client package. This includes certificate files and authentication values in the Chrystoki.conf file, and the cv-partition-data value from crystoki-template.ini.

For DPoD, the required parameters for initial configuration are:

• -- partition-name: The name of the partition configured during partition initialization

• -- co-password: The password of the Crypto Officer

• -- server-cert-file: Path to server-certificate.pem file

• -- partition-cert-file: Path to partition-certificate.pem file

• -- partition-ca-cert-file: Path to partition-ca-certificate.pem file

• -- cv-partition-data: PartitionData00 value from crystoki-template.ini

• -- auth_token_config_uri: AuthTokenConfigURI value from Chrystoki.conf

• -- auth-token-client-id: AuthTokenClientId value from Chrystoki.conf

• -- auth-token-client-secret: AuthTokenClientSecret value from Chrystoki.conf

• -- delay: Delay in seconds before reset, defaults to 5 seconds

• -- reset: Reset CipherTrust Manager instance as part of operation

The following is a full example for a DPoD Luna Cloud HSM setup command:

$ ksctl hsm setup dpod --reset --partition-name “partition name” --co-password “sOmeP@ssword” --server-cert-file "server-certificate.pem" --partition-cert-file "partition-certificate.pem" --partition-ca-cert-file "partition-ca-certificate.pem" --cv-partition-data "crystoki-template-PartitionData00" --auth-token-config-uri "https://111111.uaa.system.snakefly.dpsas.io/.well-known/openid-configuration" --auth-token-client-id "1111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111" --auth-token-client-secret "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"

IBM Cloud Hyper Protect Crypto Services

CipherTrust Manager is able to use IBM Cloud Hyper Protect Crypto Services (HPCS) as a root of trust through IBM Cloud HPCS's PKCS#11 API. To establish a connection between CipherTrust Manager and an HPCS PKCS#11 endpoint, you must perform the following configuration on IBM:

1. Create PKCS#11 user roles. Following IBM best practices, CipherTrust Manager requires a Normal User API Key with Key operator privileges.

2. Download the IBM PKCS#11 module and configure it. As part of this configuration, you create a private keystore, also called a tokenspace for CipherTrust Manager to access. Note the following values, as they need to be provided to CipherTrust Manager to access the HPCS instance:

   • instance_id

   • EP11_endpoint_URL CipherTrust Manager requires the public URL.

   • EP11_endpoint_port_number

   • private_key_store_spaceid

3. Initialize the private keystore with the Security Officer(SO) user. The SO performs a C_InitToken operation. For example, to do this using the opensc pks11-tool:

   sudo apt install opensc
   pkcs11-tool --module=/usr/local/lib/pkcs11-grep11-amd64.so --init-token --label <you-can-choose> --so-pin=<your-so-api-key>
   

On CipherTrust Manager, you must provide the following configuration parameters:

• host: The hostname part of the public URL for the Enterprise PKCS#11 endpoint, called EP11_endpoint_URL in HPCS.

• port: The port for the Enterprise PKCS#11 endpoint, called EP11_endpoint_port_number in HPCS.

• instance-id: The id for the HPCS instance. There multiple ways to retrieve this value in IBM Cloud.

• api-key: The api key for the Normal User with Key operator privileges.

• token-space-id: The 128-bit Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) of the private key store accessible by the Normal User. This value is called private_key_store_spaceid in IBM HPCS.

The following is a full example for an IBM HPCS setup command:

$ ksctl hsm setup hsm setup ibm-hpcs --reset -m <EP11_endpoint_public_host> --port <EP11_endpoint_port> --instance-id <instance_id> --api-key <normal_user_api_key> --token-space-id <private_key_store_spaceid>

Getting and Listing HSMs

Get and List return detail information about the instance(s) added previously, Get returns a single instance and List returns an array of data.

Following is a full example of a HSM Servers List command:

$ ksctl hsm servers list

{
  "total": 2,
  "resources": [
    {
      "id": "2f81163b-f53d-45c1-b151-9bc333ce3a04",
      "type": "luna",
      "config": {
        "host": "192.168.0.1",
        "serial": "1234",
        "server-cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "be942b82-b00e-4f73-9081-28186e1580e6",
      "type": "luna",
      "config": {
        "host": "192.168.0.2",
        "serial": "4321",
        "server-cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Adding an HSM

Adding subsequent HSM partitions to a CipherTrust Manager inserts them into the HA group. The first hsm servers add command that you do automatically creates an HA group.

If you are adding multiple HSM partitions from the same Luna Network HSM, they must all use the same type of network channel, NTLS or STC. That means if your initial root-of-trust connection uses NTLS, you can only add partitions that use NTLS from the same HSM. Similarly, if your initial root-of-trust connection uses STC, you can only add partitions that use STC from the same HSM.

STC Prerequisites

More prerequisites are required to add a Luna Network HSM partition with an STC connection:

• You must obtain the CipherTrust Manager client identity file

  ksctl hsm clients stcidentity download [--outputfile <download-filename>]
  

  Alternatively, use GET /v1/system/hsm/clients/stcidentity/download/in the REST API.

• As the Partition SO, supply the client identity file to the partition as part of the LunaCM command stcconfig clientregister -label <client_label> -file <path/client_ID_file>.

  Note

  Transfer the downloaded client identity file through SCP or other means. Do not copy and paste its contents to another file, and use this second file to execute stcconfig clientregister -label <client_label> -file <path/client_ID_file>. Client registration fails in this case.

• Obtain the partition identity file using the LunaCM command stcconfig partitionidexport.

More details are available in Luna documentation about the Partition SO's actions to allow an additional client access to the STC partition.

Parameters to Add an HSM

Adding an HSM requires that you supply the configuration information.

The configuration information (config) is a JSON blob; it has the following keys:

• host

• serial

• server-cert

• forceClear (optional)

  When set to "true", forcefully clears all existing data on the partition of the joining node before adding it to the HA group. Make sure the existing objects are not used elsewhere. They cannot be recovered after the deletion. Use with caution.

• forceCopy (optional)

  When set to "true", all existing objects on the joining partition are retained and propagated within the HA group. This option can be useful if the joining partition is shared among CipherTrust Manager instances that use the partition only as a member of a current HA group. This option can also be useful if the joining partition is shared among different applications other than CipherTrust Manager, and the goal is to retain the existing security objects.

  Do not use the forceCopy option if the joining partition was previously used as root of trust for other CipherTrust Manager instance(s) and that it was not part of the current HSM HA group. Using this option in such cases can break the existing CipherTrust Managers that use the HA group servers. Use with caution.

• partition-identity-file

  For adding an additional STC connection only. See STC prerequisites for additional required steps to add an HSM partition with an STC connection.

Following is a full command example for adding a Luna Network HSM:

$ ksctl hsm servers add --config '{ "host": "192.168.0.2", "serial": "4321", "server-cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----" }'

If the joining HSM partition contains data, the operation will fail unless forceClear or forceCopy flags are specified. The following example command shows how to forcefully add a partition by first wiping all its data:

$ ksctl hsm servers add --config '{ "host": "192.168.0.2", "serial": "4321", "forceClear": "true", "server-cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----" }'

Deleting an HSM

Delete will remove the record for the "--id" provided, with optional parameters for reset and delay. Just as in the Setup function, deleting the last HSM requires a reset of the CipherTrust Manager. After the reset operation, newly encrypted data is longer rooted to an HSM.

Following is a full example for the delete command:

$ ksctl hsm servers delete --id ce6da730-c266-44f8-a0f6-97e49c7596eb --reset

Rotating the Root of Trust Key

Application administrators logged into the root domain can rotate the active root of trust (RoT) key stored on the HSM. Periodic rotation is a best security practice. As well, rotation also allows your organization to recover in case the RoT key is compromised. You can also rotate the Master Key Encryption Key (MKEK) which is below the RoT key in the key hierarchy.

One RoT key can be active at a time, but CipherTrust Manager retains older RoT keys, which can be made active again. The CLI and API allow you to list all RoT keys, view details for a given RoT key, rotate the active RoT key, and delete a given RoT key.

System backups that are tied to an HSM use the HSM RoT key to encrypt the backup file. This means that to decrypt and restore a backup that has been tied to an HSM, the CipherTrust Manager must have the encrypting RoT key set to active.

View Root of Trust Keys

Use ksctl rot-keys list to return a list of all RoT keys, including IDs, creation dates, and a boolean is_active_key indicating which key is the active key.

Use ksctl rot-keys get -id <key_id> to return this information about a particular key.

Rotate Active Root of Trust Key

Use ksctl rot-keys rotate to rotate the active key to a new or existing key. Pass in an --id flag for an existing RoT key to make that key active. Omit the --id flag to create a new RoT key with a randomly generated name. If a key with the specified id does not exist, CipherTrust Manager creates a new RoT key.

If you are creating a cluster sharing the same HSM partition, we recommend setting the RoT key to be the same on every node before joining nodes together. This way, CipherTrust Manager secrets and master keys can be protected by an HSM-secured RoT key during the join process, when these objects are transferred between nodes for the first time.

Delete a Root of Trust Key

Use ksctl rot-keys delete --id <key_id> to delete a RoT key. If there is only one RoT key, you must also supply a --force flag to force the operation. You can also use the --force flag to clean up any leftover RoT keys in the HSM which are not visible with ksctl rot-keys list.

Upgrade Luna PCIe HSM Firmware for Thales CipherTrust Manager k570 Appliances

Thales CipherTrust Manager k570 appliances are delivered with HSM firmware version 7.0.1 installed on the embedded Luna PCIe HSM. We have tested HSM firmware upgrade to 7.7.0, which is the FIPS-validated firmware recommended by Thales. The minimum required CipherTrust Manager firmware version is 2.9.0.

Updating the firmware ensures that the HSM has more up-to-date performance and security fixes.

For more detailed information on firmware upgrade, consult Luna PCIe Documentation.

To update the PCI HSM firmware:

1. If your appliance is PED-authenticated, ensure you have compatible PED firmware before upgrade.

   Caution

   Luna PED firmware versions are backwards-compatible with older Luna HSM firmware, but a Luna HSM with firmware 7.7.0 or newer will refuse connection to a Luna PED with older firmware with the error (LUNA_RET_PED_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL error).

2. Obtain the 7.7.0 firmware update file (<filename>.fuf) and authentication code file (<filename>.txt). As ksadmin, transfer these files into the /home/ksadmin/ directory of the appliance.

3. Take a system backup of all the CipherTrust Manager objects.

4. As the System Administrator (ksadmin) SSH in to the appliance (or connect via serial port using your password) and execute "/usr/safenet/lunaclient/bin/lunacm" utility.

5. Make sure an HSM admin slot is selected.

   To see the available slots, enter:

   lunacm:> slot list
   

   Look for a slot with description "Admin Token Slot".

   To select the active slot, enter:

   lunacm:> slot set -slot <number>
   

6. Login as the HSM Security Officer (SO). For PED-authenticated devices, you are prompted to insert the blue PED key. For password-authenticated devices, you are prompted for the HSM SO password.

   lunacm:> role login -name so
   

7. Update the HSM with the firmware upgrade file and authcode. You are prompted to confirm.

   lunacm:>hsm updatefw -fuf /home/ksadmin/621-000192-007_fwupdate_7.7.0_PCI_HSM_RevA.fuf -authcode /home/ksadmin/770_authcode
   
       You are about to update the firmware.
       The HSM will be reset.
       Are you sure you wish to continue?
   
       Type 'proceed' to continue, or 'quit' to quit now ->proceed
   
       Updating firmware.  This may take several minutes.
   
       Firmware update passed.  Resetting HSM.
   

   The update is applied and the HSM is restarted.

   Note

   Firmware upgrade can take a long time, depending on the number of objects stored on the HSM (a few minutes to several hours). Ensure that you can leave the update operation uninterrupted for this amount of time. Do not interrupt the procedure even if the operation appears to have stalled.